PLANETS, STARS, GALAXIES
Final Review
Some Formulas:
a) Powers of Ten:
10 = 100 ; 1,000 = 103 ; one million = 1,000,000 = 106 ; one billion = 109 ;
0.001 = 10-3 ; 0.000001 = 10-6 ; ... etc
"nano-"(n) = 10-9 "micro-"(m)= 10-6 "milli-"(m) = 10-3
"kilo-"(k) = 103 "mega-"(M) = 106.
b) Geometry:
Circles: Area=π r2, Perimeter=2π r; Spheres: Volume = 4/π r3, Surface Area = 4π r2
c) Laws of Motion:
Time=Distance/Speed or Distance = Rate x Time; 1 Year = 3.16 x 107 sec;
1 AU = 1.5 x 108 km; 1pc = 3.26 ly = 206265 AU ;
d) Kepler's and Newton's Laws: P2(yr) = a3(AU) ; F = ma ; FG = Gm1 m2 / r2
e) Light, Waves: Speed of light c = 3 x 105 km/sec = 300,000 km/sec = 186,000 miles/sec
f) Telescopes: Light Gathering Power -> Area
g) Magnification = (focal length of the objective) / (focal length of the eyepiece)
h) Black-body radiation laws: F=s T4 ; λmax (meters)=2.9x10-3 / T(Kelvin)
i) Thermonuclear reactions: E=mc2
j) Doppler shift: Δλ =λ v/c
k) Kepler's Third Law for stars: (M1+M2) P2 = a3
l) Parallax equation: d=1/p
m) Schwarzschild radius: RSch=2GM/c2
n) Hubble law: v=Hor
General
Knowledge:
COVER ALL THE TOPICS IN THE
SYLLABUS !
* Who were Aristotle, Eratosthenes, Ptolemy, Galileo, Kepler and Newton and what were their main contributions to science ?
* Constellation, the celestial equator, the ecliptic, the celestial poles, right ascension and declination.
* The synchronous motion of the Moon, the tides
* Kepler's three laws: elliptical orbits, law of equal areas, "third law"
* Newton's four laws: Inertia; Action and Reaction; Motion and Gravity.
* Basic properties of light (speed, frequency, wavelength) (Gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, light, infrared, radio).
* Why is the setting sun red, the sky blue ?
* Black-body radiation laws: temperature vs. radiation
* Emission, absorption spectra, spectral lines
* Velocity dependence of emitted light: Doppler Shift
* Origin, formation, structure of the Solar System; inner vs. outer planets
* Origin of the Earth's atmosphere, its structure, properties
* Plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanoes
* The surface of the Moon, lunar maria, highlands, craters
* Venus, Mars, Jupiter: motion, composition, atmosphere, temperature
* Asteroids, meteoroids, meteors, meteorites, comets, catastrophic impacts
* Chemical composition of matter in the Universe, the Sun, planets
* The Sun's atmosphere, photosphere, chromosphere, corona
* The "quiet Sun": granules, spicules, solar winds
* The "active Sun": sunspot cycles, prominences, flares
* Thermonuclear reactions: fusion, Einstein's equation
* Parallax, apparent magnitude scale, absolute magnitude, luminosity
* Temperature of stars, spectral lines
* Types of stars, H-R diagram
* Main sequence stars, white dwarfs, red giants, supergiants
* Binary stars, stellar mass determination, mass-luminosity relation
* Star formation, giant molecular clouds, nebulae
* Age of star cluster - position on H-R diagram
* Emission and reflection nebulae
* Death of stars: shell hydrogen burning, helium core burning
* Old stars, globular clusters
* Cepheid variable stars, period-luminosity relation
* Red giants, planetary nebulae, white dwarfs
* Supernova explosions, neutron stars, pulsars
* Einstein's relativity, black holes, Schwarzschild radius, event horizon
* The Milky Way, globular clusters as clues, radio mapping, shape and size
* Rotation curve, dark matter, galactic nucleus, supermassive black holes
* Galactic clusters, the Local Group, superclusters
* Universal expansion, the Hubble law
* Cosmological redshift, Big bang
* Cosmic microwave radiation
* Density, shape,
age of the Universe