Some Facts and Definitions:
The plane of the Earth's
orbit
around the Sun is called
the Ecliptic.
Indeed, all planets - with the exception of
Mercury and Pluto - move
within 3 deg of the ecliptic.
In fact, all
constellations
of the zodiac also lie along the
ecliptic.
Sagittarius (Nov. 22 - Dec. 21)
Viewed from the Earth, the
ecliptic
is also the path traced by the Sun
through the sky. The Earth's axis
is tilted towards the ecliptic by 23.5
degrees. So the planes of
the ecliptic and the celestial equator are also
at an angle of 23.5 degrees to
each other in the sky. Mercury's orbit has
a 7-degree tilt relative to the
ecliptic, while Pluto's orbit is inclined a
full
17 degrees. The orbits of all the planets are ellipses and not
circles,
as Copernicus assumed. However,
with the exception of Pluto, all orbits
are almost circular. Pluto's
orbit
is so elliptical that
it crosses the one of
Neptune.
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion:
1. The orbit of the
planets
are ellipses - NOT
CIRCLES
with the Sun located at one of the focus of the ellipse.
2. A line from the
planet
to the sun sweeps over
equal areas in equal intervals of time. Hence,
the planet
moves faster when closer to the Sun.
3. A planet's orbital
period
squared is proportional
to its average distance from the Sun cubed:
P2
(years)
= a3 (AU)
Planet | Distance to the Sun | Period of the Orbit | Distance3/ Period2 |
Mercury | 0.3871 | 0.24084 | 1.00000 |
Venus | 0.7233 | 0.61515 | 0.99998 |
Earth | 1.0000 | 1.00000 | 1.00000 |
Mars | 1.5237 | 1.88080 | 1.00003 |
Jupiter | 5.2028 | 11.8670 | 1.00006 |
Saturn | 9.5388 | 29.4610 | 0.99997 |
Uranus | 19.180 | 84.0130 | 0.99966 |
Neptune | 30.061 | 164.793 | 1.00031 |
Pluto | 39.440 | 247.700 | 0.99990 |